Senior Project

What percentage of Aluminum cans are wasted?

http://www.container-recycling.org/facts/aluminum/
-More than half of the 100 billion cans sold in the U.S. in 2005 were landfilled.

http://www.container-recycling.org/facts/aluminum/dirty.htm
-About 95 million tons of greenhouse gases were produced by the global aluminum industry in 2005.
-In 2005, 50.7 billion U.S. cans were wasted, resulting in the emission of 75,000 tons of SOx and NOx.


What percentage of plastic bottles is wasted?

http://www.environmentfirst.info/recycle.php
-Every ton of plastic bottles recycled saves about 3.8 barrels of oil.
-1.5 million barrels of oil are used to produce plastic watter bottles in the US per year. That much energy could power 250,000 homes or fuel 100,000 cars for a year
-If every American household recycled just one out of every ten HDPE bottles they used, we’d keep 200 million pounds of the plastic out of landfills every year
-Five 2-liter recycled PET bottles produce enough fiberfill to make a ski jacket; 36 recycled bottles can make 1 square yard of carpet

Cover cropping

Cover cropping is a very important part of gardening, without cover cropping the soil weakens. An example of cover cropping is Buckwheat, buckwheat is a quick growing crop, and bees favor their white flowers. The plant adds organic matter to the soil, shade and also kills the weeds. Cover Cropping is also known as “green manure.” Cover crops are soil-building crops; they give back to the soil. They also help prevent pests, help stop the growth of weeds, they add organic matter, and more importantly they help balance nutrients. They increase diversity, and decrease the over use of nutrients. Not only do cover crops help prevent weeds, and help balance nutrients, but they also help reduce nutrient leaching. When cover crops are planted to help reduce nutrient leaching they are called “Catch crops” Clay and organic soil holds nutrients and water a lot better then just sandy soil, so when water drains through the sandy soil it brings the nutrients along with it and that is called leaching. Another benefit to cover cropping is your saving a lot of money on nitrogen fertilizer. Some crops that need nitrogen are leaves, some examples are lettuce, spinach, and broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kale are just a few that need nitrogen. Nitrogen helps plants grow faster, increases the seed and fruit production and improves the quality of the plant. Fruits thrive on phosphorus; they include squashes, melons, pumpkins, tomatoes, peppers and eggplants. Phosphorus helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy, and it helps with the proper plat maturation, it also encourages blooming and root growth. Roots love potassium; a few examples are onions, shallots, leeks, carrots, beets, turnips and radishes. Potassium helps the process of building protein; it helps in photosynthesis, the quality of fruit and vegetables, and the reduction of diseases. “What you do when you cover crop is, you plant cover cropping seeds, and let them grow, they will add nutrients to the soil, and once the seed sets and top growth shows, you have to kill the plant so their roots wont get down too deep, you can kill the plant by cutting at the base of the plant. Once you kill the plant wait two to three weeks before plants vegetables and flowers .” Crop rotation is similar to cover cropping; Crop rotation avoids a decrease in soil fertility, reduces soil erosion, and reduces dependence on synthetic chemicals. If you plant carrots in the same place over and over again, the nutrients that the carrot needs will be deprived, but if you rotate crops and plant a cover crop then the nutrients that the carrot needs will be there when your ready to start planting more carrots. There are different families when rotation crops, for example in the grain family there is corn, rice, sorghum, wheat, oat etc. And in the Carrot family there is celery, dill, parsnip, and parsley. When your cover cropping, you need to make sure for example if you plant corn from the grain family, and you want to plant something else after you finish with the corn you have to make sure you don’t plant anything else within the grain family. Crop rotation methods were talked about in Roman literature, and were referred to by many countries such as Asia and Africa. Cover cropping and crop rotation is a very important part in agriculture. Cover Cropping is fairly simple and everyone can do it, as I stated before, if you cover crop you can depend less on synthetic chemicals which will be so much safer for everyone to eat. “Cover cropping could be considered the backbone of any annual cropping system that seeks to be sustainable.”

Annotated sources

Seasonal Rotation

http://www.care2.com/greenliving/crop-rotation.html#
This website is really good, it gives you a lot of information about crop rotation, for example how to balance nutrient demands, and tells you to plant rotations by lists of family's, for example the beet family would be beets, spinach, and chard.


Another good website is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation
i know we shouldn't use Wikipedia, but it helped me understand what crop rotation is, and they have some pretty good sources.

And the last source i found was http://www.helpfulgardener.com/organic/2006/crop.html
this one is a really good one, it explains how not rotating crops weakens the soil, and that Cover crops are good. it also tell you how to protect your garden from disease and pests.